Nitrofurantoin mono/mcr, also known as nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystals, is a type of antibiotic medication used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by certain bacteria. The medication belongs to the class of drugs known as nitrofuran antibiotics, which work by killing bacteria or preventing their growth.
Mechanism of Action
Nitrofurantoin mono/mcr works by damaging the bacterial DNA, thereby inhibiting the growth and reproduction of the bacteria. The medication is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, which are common causes of UTIs.
Pharmacokinetics
Nitrofurantoin mono/mcr is orally administered and is absorbed into the bloodstream through the gastrointestinal tract. The medication is then distributed to the kidneys, where it is concentrated and excreted in the urine. The high concentrations of nitrofurantoin in the urine allow it to effectively target and eliminate the bacteria causing the UTI.
Indications
Nitrofurantoin mono/mcr is indicated for the treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections, including:
- Acute cystitis (infection of the bladder)
- Acute pyelonephritis (infection of the kidney)
- Uncomplicated UTIs in adults and children
Dosage and Administration
The dosage of nitrofurantoin mono/mcr varies depending on the patient’s age, weight, and the severity of the infection. The typical dosage for adults is 100 mg every 6 hours for 7-10 days. For children, the dosage is based on their weight, typically 5-7 mg/kg per day, divided into 4 doses.
Side Effects
Common side effects of nitrofurantoin mono/mcr include:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal pain
- Headache
- Dizziness
Less common but more serious side effects include:
- Allergic reactions (hives, itching, difficulty breathing)
- Liver damage (elevated liver enzymes)
- Pulmonary reactions (cough, shortness of breath)
- Neurological reactions (confusion, seizures)
Contraindications
Nitrofurantoin mono/mcr is contraindicated in patients with:
- Known hypersensitivity to nitrofurantoin or other nitrofuran antibiotics
- Anuria (inability to produce urine)
- Oliguria ( decreased urine production)
- Creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min
- Pregnancy at term (38-42 weeks gestation)
- Breastfeeding
Interactions
Nitrofurantoin mono/mcr may interact with other medications, including:
- Antacids (may decrease absorption of nitrofurantoin)
- Sulfonamides (may increase risk of crystalluria)
- Uricosuric agents (may decrease effectiveness of nitrofurantoin)
Resistance and Susceptibility
Nitrofurantoin mono/mcr is generally effective against a wide range of bacteria. However, resistance to the medication can occur, particularly in areas with high usage of nitrofuran antibiotics. It is essential to culture the urine and perform susceptibility testing to determine the effectiveness of nitrofurantoin mono/mcr against the specific bacteria causing the UTI.
What is the most common side effect of nitrofurantoin mono/mcr?
+The most common side effects of nitrofurantoin mono/mcr include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
Can I take nitrofurantoin mono/mcr if I am pregnant?
+Nitrofurantoin mono/mcr is contraindicated in pregnancy at term (38-42 weeks gestation). However, it may be used during the first and second trimesters if the benefits outweigh the risks.
How long does it take for nitrofurantoin mono/mcr to start working?
+Nitrofurantoin mono/mcr typically starts working within 2-5 days of starting treatment. However, it is essential to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve, to ensure that the infection is fully cleared.
In conclusion, nitrofurantoin mono/mcr is an effective antibiotic medication for the treatment of urinary tract infections. However, it is essential to use the medication judiciously, taking into account the potential side effects, contraindications, and interactions. By following the recommended dosage and administration, patients can effectively treat their UTIs and reduce the risk of complications.
